Ko ngā kōpae matua tohatoha teitei (RMUs) i hoahoa mō te haumaru wherenga mā te hanganga kātata me te whakamarumaru matatau. Ko ēnei āhuatanga e iti ai ngā raru arcahi me te aukati i te whakapā atu tākarotia ki ngā wāhanga ora—he mea matua nui tēnei i ngā taone nō reira ka noho pātata te taputapu ki ngā wāhi tūmatanui.
Ko ngā Kapa Matua o te Rā nei e horoi ana i ngā araki hiko kia tūpato, me te whakahaere i ngā waea hapa mēnā he raru, e whakamahi ana i te kiri hiko SF6, i te kiri taupiri hoki. Ko te take ka pai ai te mahi a SF6 nō te āhua whakapū hiko motuhake, e parai ana i aua araki e toru ngā wā pea tītaha ake i te aira noa, ā, e ai ki ngā rangahau hou a Ponemon i te tau 2023. He anuanu hoki ngā kōwhiringa kiri taupiri tōpuarangi nā te mea ka wehe tātou i ngā aronga mō te korenga o te kiri hiko i te wā roa. Mēnā ka honoa ēnei ara e rua e ngā kaihanga, ko ngā raraunga pūtaiao e whakaatu ana ko te maha o ngā putanga herenga ka heke tonu e 65-70%, ānoa i ngā taiao uaua e herekore ana ngā pūnaha aira taunoa ki te pupuri i te whakapono.
A te rangahau ahuatanga whatunga taone 2023 i kitea ko ngā RMU kua whakamātaia e SF6 i iti ake ai ngā wā kāore he hiko ki ngā whatunga o te tāone umu 41%. I aukati te arotake aunoa i te pēhi me ngā wā kume ake ake i 92% o ngā hapa e pā ana ki te whakamātaia i te wā e nui ake ana te hiahia, e whakaatu nei i tō rātou maimai ki te pupuri i ngā tikanga matua e noho tatawā ana.
Ko ngā RMU kua kuhu katoa me ngā pouaka e āki ai te takotoranga kua tino noho haumārui, ka wehe kaua ngā kaiarahi e wātea ana. Kaitekaua e 79% ēnei hoahoa i ngā whara e hua mai ana i te tiaki (raraunga NEC 2022) ā, ka pakari ki ngā kirihou taiao pērā i te ua paraumu me te parapara a te ahumahi.
Ko ngā RMU matua e whakauru ana i ngā wā kēkē mō te pupuri i ngā hapa, te arotake inaianei i te hau, me ngā tapa herea e aukati ana i te whakamahi kore haumārui. Ko tēnei ara tuarua e whai ana ki ngā paerewa IEC 62271-203, e tiakina ai te ōrite tonu puta noa i te ao mō te haumārui tukutuku hautōhē.
Ko ngā RMU hiko tino kei te kapi ki ngā rīhia tiaki me ngā kaiwhakaatu e āhua ana i ngā raru pērā i ngā korikori poto, me ērā atu panoni hiko. Ka taea e ēnei pūnaha te whakamārama i te momo mōrearea me te wāhi e noho ana tino marie, heoi anō i roto i ngā 20 ki te 30 mirimitikaone, ā, e ai ki ētahi rangahau hōu a IEEE mō ngā whatunga hiko. Ina titiro ki ngā whatunga hiko heke e neke haere ana i waenganui i te 6 ki te 36 kilovolts, kitea ana ko ngā hoahoa e here ana ki te aha e nui ana hoki. Ko ēnei hoahoa e whakarahi ana i te kaha puare e puta mai ana i te arca ki ētahi atu wāhi e ārai ai i ngā kaimahi, ka iti ai te maha o ngā take arca. E ai ki ētahi rangahau, kaitea pea te maha o ēnei take mōrearea ki te 78% ina whakarārangihia ki ngā taputapu tīwhana noa.
Ko ngā RMU hōu e whai ana i te hangarau tūhono mō te rohe ka taea te kitea me te pupuri i ngā raru ki te piko o waho o te tapa ake. Arānei, kei te 93% te tau o ngā whakamātia haumaru e noho ana ki tētahi anake te raina arataki kaua ko te katoa o te whatonga. I te Pūrongo Whakapono Kaha i Eropi 2024 ka kitea he aha te take e nui ana tēnei āhuatanga – he wa ka taea e tētahi anake takotoranga herenga te whakamātia ai te hiko i runga i te 15,000 whare. Ko tētahi atu vantex mai i te whakapaipai taupiri e kore e puta ai te putangia o te hiko (corona discharge) ina whakauru ana ngā kaitiaki. Ehara i te mea noa i te whakapai ake i te haumaru i te wā o te tiaki enga, engari ka roa ake hoki te ora o ngā taputapu, ā, he mea matua nui tēnei ki ngā tūmatanui e hiahiatia ai te huri haere tino pai.
Mā te whakakotahi i ngā kaitiaki mātāmira haukōtuku me ngā rorohiko pūpahi, ka pakaru ngā ngoikera o ngā RMU tēnei miriona vōlta ki te ¥35 mano herengarua anake—e toru ngā wā tere ake i ngā punaha hiko-mekanikara. Ka tautoko tēnei whakaurunga i te whakarerekenga aunoa i te whatunga, ka hoki anō te hiko ki ngā wāhanga kāore i pāngia e roto i te 2–4 sekene. Kātahi ka ripoata ngā kamupene whakahaere hiko i te 40% iti ake ngā whakawā ki ngā rohe e whakamahi ana i ēnei punaha (Tārotanga Whakahaere Whatunga Amerika ki te Raki 2023).
Ahakoa ko ngā RMU SF6-38kV heke iho rānei e 50kA te pakaru pakaru me te 40% iti ake te utu i ngā kōwhiringa hau, ko ngā tauira hou ake paku e toronga ai ngā wā whakatikatika ki te 15 tau. Ko ngā puranga takirua e whakamahi ana i ngā matērihi taipara pūmau e 98% te pono tātari pakaru, ā, kaite 22% te utu totoro mō te 20 tau (Tātari Ūtu Tīmatanga Pūkete 2024).
Ko te ġasi SF6 he dielectric kimihia tōaitanga e iti mea ana i te wareware ki ngā wāhanga o roto. Ko tana anuanu whakapaipai kia kaua ai te pākiwaitanga me te wareware hangarau, ā, e tautoko ana i ngā wā tono e neke ake ana i te 30 tau. Anō hoki, ko te ahuatanga pai a SF6 ki te whakamātau i te arca e iti mea ana i te wareware ki ngā hononga i te wā o te huri, ka iti ake te herekenga tiaki umanga 60–70% mō te taputapu huri āhua (Reliability Engineering Journal, 2023).
Ki te hoahoa ā-puta ka tū ake te āheinga ki te whakatika i ngā wāhanga iti kaore e hiahiatia te whakamutu i ngā pūnaha katoa. I te Pūrongo Ahumahi hou rawa i te tau 2023 e whakaatu ana i ētahi nama mīharo hoki: kei te waru ki te tekau pea ngā mahi tiaki RMU e whakatinana ana i ēnei rā i roto i ngā rua haora anake, i te mea ko ngā taputapu kōtui tawhito i tere ai i ngā waru haora, pea atu anō. Mā runga i ēnei wā kīato, ka taea e ngā kaihangarua te whakakapi i ngā mea pērā i ngā kaiwhakarahi tohatoha i te tekau mā rima miniti. Mō ngā wharepaku i tata ki te miniti katoa he nui te utu, ko te nuinga o te wā e tata ana ki te makarini tekau mā rima ia miniti i te wā e noho mā te whakamutu, nō reira he nui te wā e penapena ana i konei ina tāpirihia ana ngā marama, ngā tau o te whakahaerenga.
Ko ngā RMU mataara i ēnei rā e tino āwhina ana ina hurihaia ngā herekore haumaru. Ko te ara e hoahoa ana i ēnei kapa e whakarere ana i ngā kamupene hiko kia whakapakari ake i te mōhio o te pūtahi mai i te 25% ki te 40%, katoa kaore he hiahia atu ki te wāhi takotoranga. I tētahi rangahau hou e āki ana mō ngā whanaketanga o te rerekētanga ōwhe i te tau 2023, ka whakatairanga pai i tēnei mea. He aha te mea e āki nei i tēnei āhuatanga? Ko ngā tohatoha arataki paerewa me ngā paraka maha-kaiāra e whakauru ai ngā rīpeka tiaki rerekē kia rite tonu. Ko tēnei momo maruaroa e whakaae ana kia whakamahia ēnei punaha e ngā kaitirotiro ki ngā take katoa e herenga ana, e mahi ana rānei ngā tūmau tawhito.
Ko ngā RMU hou kei te tūhura i ngā hoahoa takitahi e nui ake ai te māmā o te whakapai ake i mua. Hei tauira, he iti ake i ngā hāora e whā te wā e takesia ana ki te tāpiri i ngā kaitirotiro toa, i ngā tohu raru rānei, ā, ko ngā pūnaha tawhito e rua ngā rā, pea rānei he roa ake te wā mō te mahi ōrite. Tīpako ngā kamupene whakawhitinga korero o Te Tai Rawa o Awherika hei tauira ākonga, kua whai whakaaro rātou ki tēnei maru hou. I runga i ngā whare parirau e 78, kua whakauruhia e ēnei kaitirotiro ngā RMU kua hāngai ki te IoT, ā, kua pai ake tā rātou urupare mai, pakiwaitara 93% i ngā wā e nui te hiahia. Ko te rerekētanga pono pēnei ka whai hua nui ki te pupuri i ngā ripoata ratonga tūmau.
Ko tētahi huihuinga whare hanga waeheke motuhake i Malaeaia he tauira pai mō te āhua o ngā rāwekenga ina tāpiri ana ngā kamupene ki ngā RMU e āwhina ai. Ina ka whakaurua e rātou i aua kapa inuterita kātata i ngā wā kauwhau e whanake ana i te tau 2020, kāore i te āhua pea te nuinga o te tangata ko te pānga. I whanaketia te roanga 11kV puta noa i ngā wāhanga e toru mai i te tau 2020 ki te tau 2024, i te wa e haere tonu ana te huringa. E ai ki ētahi nama i kitea e Camali Corp i te tau ki muri, i penapena ngā RMU e ū ana i te 35% i ngā utu aratohu i ngā kaupapa whanaketanga e rite ana ki ngā pūnaha hoahoa tuimotu tawhito e whakamahia ana anō e te nuinga o ngā wāhi. Ko te mea e mārama ai tēnei ara, ko te pūnaha hiko e āki ai tana whanaketanga tahi ana me ngā hereketanga pakihi, engari kāore i te here i ngā kamupene kia waiho moni i te tīmatanga mō te kapaiti e kāore anō hiahiatia.
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Whakarato te Kamupene Hiko Greenpower Zhejiang Co., Ltd i ngā taputapu whakamarumaru mātai kaha tikangia mō ngā tono kirikiri ki te kirikiri-teitei. Ko ō mātou pūkenga R&D me te hoko takotoranga kotahi e hoatu ana i ngā rautaki haumaru, uaua, me te penapena kaha e pono ana ngā kiritaki o te ao. Tonoa he utu ināianei.
