He aha ngā whāinga o te kōwhiringa wāhanga hauāki i te kōpae whakamāngō?

Te Kaha Tino o te Whakamātua me ngā Mahi o te Whakamātua i te Whakamātua

Me pēhea te Whakamātua Hauā e whakamāngai ai i te whakamātua tata, i te whakamātua i ngā wāhanga o te whakamātua

Ko te whakamārama i te wāhi kore (vacuum) he pai tonu hei whakamārama i te whakamāmā i ngā āki pūhanga (arc quenching) i ngā kōwhiringa wāhi kore (vacuum circuit breakers) me ngā kōpae whakamārama. Inā whakawhitinga ngā whakauru, ka rere mai te kōpū o te metāl, ka rere mai anō hei pūrākau (ionized), ā, ka hangaia te āki pūhanga (plasma arc). Engari ko tēnei te āhua motuhake o te wāhi kore — kāore he rākau, he rākau iti noa ngā wāhanga e taea ai te whakamāmā i tēnei āki, nō reira ka māmātia i roto i te wā o ngā milihōno (milliseconds) e waru. Ko tēnei he tere ake i ngā rākau SF6, i ngā rākau hau, i ngā kōwhiringa whakamārama. Ko te tere o tēnei mahi he iti ake te hiko e tukuna ana ki ngā whakauru, ā, ko tēnei he āhua e āki ai kia kaua ngā whakauru kia pakaru i te wā. He rākau metāl hoki e hanga ana i ngā kōpae whakamārama hei whakamāmā i ngā whakauru, ā, ko tēnei e āki ai kia kaua ngā rākau kia rere mai, e whakamārama ai i te whakamārama i te wāhi kore i muri i te whakamāmā i te rere o te hiko. I ngā whakamātau i te ao tūmatanui, kua kitea i ngā kōwhiringa wāhi kore he iti ake te pakaru o ngā whakauru i te 40% i muri i ngā 10,000 whakamātau i ngā kōwhiringa rākau. Ko tēnei pūkenga o te whakamārama he whakaritenga pai tonu mō ngā whakamātautau e hiahiatia ana te whakamātautau tāwhai, pērā i te whakamātautau i ngā pākete kapa (capacitor banks), i ngā mōtā (motors), i wāhi e tino hiahiatia ana te whakamātautau tāwhai.

Te Whakamātua o te Kaha Tāwhai: Te Rere kōrero i te Wāhi Tāwhai, i te Hau, me te SF ₆i ngā wāhi rerekē o te tāwhai

Ko te wāhi tāwhai he toa i ngā wāhi e whai ana: i ngā tāwhai o te 1–10 mm e whakamahinga ana i ngā rākau whakamātua hauāhua. I te tāwhai o te 10 mm, ko tana kaha tāwhai e 8–10 ngā wā nui ake i te hau, ā, e 2–3 ngā wā nui ake i te SF ₆. Ko tēnei tauākī e whakamānuihia ana i ngā tāwhai iti—ā, he tino mātua hoki mō ngā rākau iti, ā, ngā rākau pūmau:

Mā tēnei kaha ā-tinana e tautoko ai i ngā pūwhitinga iti ake, kaha ake, me te whakarite i te kaha ki te whakaeke i ngā ngaru ngaohiko. Kāore i rite ki te SF ₆, he mana kore-takitahi te mahi hauā, ā, kāore he kawenga hauātaka o te whare hauātakate matua mō ngā whare taiao, mō ngā whare e herea ana e ngā ture rānei.

Whakapai ake i te Haumaru Mahi Mā te Whakapāha-Kōpaki

Zero External Arc Emission and Containment Integrity of the Isolating Sleeve Vacuum Circuit Breaker (Kāore he Whanui o te Aratau o waho me te Whakaaetanga o te Whakaaetanga o te Whakaaetanga o te Whakaaetanga o te Whakaaetanga)

Ko ngā whakaweto kōpae maroke e whai ana i tētahi hoahoa kua oti te hiri e aukati ana i ngā kōpae o waho kia kore e rere. I te wā e puta ana ngā hapa, ka whakauruhia te whakahaurangi hauā ki roto i te whakawātea epoxy, e mau ana i te plasma ā-aukō. He mea nui rawa tēnei i ngā wāhi ahumahi kōhungahunga, e 70% ngā whara hiko i puta ai i ngā whara hiko katoa i ngā paerewa NFPA 70E mai i te tau 2024. I whakaritea ki ngā pūnaha me te whakawātea mata anake, he whakawātea rōrahi ēnei ka whakakore i aua kōpae hau raruraru e tīmata ai te haumākū me te paru ki te whai i ngā hapa. Ka mau tonu te arai wai i ngā mea hiko ahakoa ka piki ake te hauū, ā, ka taea e te hanganga kotahi te whakahaere i ngā ngaru me ngā huringa pāmahana. Ko te tikanga o tēnei ki ngā kaiwhakahaere he tekau tau o te mahi pono, kāore e āwangawanga ki te tirotiro i ngā taumata hau, te whakaū i ngā kōpeke, te mahi rānei i ngā tirotiro tiaki auau i runga i te taputapu.

Te whakamārama roa o te tūmatau me te whakamāmā i ngā mahi whakamātau i te wā o te ora

Te whakamārama o te MTBF: 25 tau, i tēnei wā, mō ngā kōwhiringa hauāhi o te rorohiko o te pūrere hauāhi, i tēnei wā, i ngā kōwhiringa ōrite

Ko ngā whakaweto porohita maroke me ngā kākahu whakawātea he wā tino nui i waenganui i ngā hapa (MTBF) neke atu i te 25 tau, tata ki te rua ngā wā e kitea ana i roto i ngā tauira SF6 paerewa, i ngā tauira hau rānei e ai ki ngā raraunga a te IEC mai i te tau 2023. He aha i roa ai te roa o ēnei? Well, e kore e te pūwhitinga hauota i te nuinga o te wā. Ka ārai rātau i te kino o te taiao, ā, he iti rawa te kōpaki o te kiri, e pupuri ana i ngā taumata ātete i roto i te 1% ahakoa i muri i te 10,000 ngā mahi. Ko ngā kaiwhakatikatika SF6 tuku iho ka ngoikore i te 12 ki te 15 tau, nā te mea ka pakaru a rātau hau, ka pakaru hoki ngā hiri. Kāore ngā kaiwhakatikatika hau e pai ake, he maha ngā wā e hiahia ana ki te whakakapi i ngā whakapā i mua i te 10 tau o te tau. He aha te mea e tino kitea ai ngā pūwhitinga hauā? Ko tō rātou pūnaha hiri kiriaku me te whakarewa e pupuri ana i te waiariki, he mea e meinga ana e te nuinga o ngā pakaru i roto i ngā hoahoa tawhito. E whakaatu ana ngā kamupene utility e 73% iti iho ngā hinganga ohorere ki tēnei hangarau e hāngai ana ki ngā kitenga CIGRE mai i te tau 2024.

Te whakakore i ngā tirotiro me ngā tirotiro taatiraa hau nā te hoahoa hau-kore-kore-kore

Ko te hangarau hau-kore e whakawātea ana ki ngā rauemi mārō ka whakakore i te 85 ōrau o ngā mahi tiaki auau nā te mea kāore e hiahiatia ana he tukatuka hau i ngā wā katoa e ai ki te rangahau a IEEE i te tau kua hipa. Me tirotiro ngā pūnaha SF6 tuku iho mō ngā tukunga i ia toru marama, me te whakamātautau i te parakore o te hau e āhua kotahi rau rua rau tāra ia tau ia waeine. He whakaweto i te hau? Kāore e hiahiatia e rātau he mātakitaki i ngā wai. Ko ngā hiri karaihe keramika motuhake e pupuri ana i te hauota kia kore e puta ngā tohu o te kākahu, nō reira kāore he mōrearea o te rere o te SF6 ā, kāore hoki he raruraru ki ngā pūrongo hauota pāmahana. Ka pau te 60% te wā o ngā kaimahi tiaki i runga i ēnei pūnaha i te mea he iti ake te wā i ngā pūnaha ki te hau, ā, kāore he tangata e hiahia ana ki te tiwhikete ki te whakahaere i te SF6. Ka taea e ngā tipu e whakahaere ana i te rima tekau neke atu rānei ngā whakaeke te whakaora i te ono tekau mano i te tau mō te tiaki anake, ā, ka whakaitihia hoki ngā tukunga waro e neke atu i te 350 kirokaramu e puta mai ana i te tāpiri i ngā hau.

Nga painga o te taiao me te whai hua o te mokowā

Ko ngā whakaweto hiko me ngā kākahu whakawātea ka whakakore i te SF6, he hau pāmahana tino kaha, e 23,500 ngā wā te kaha o te pāmahana o te ao i ngā tukunga CO2 noa. Ko te tikanga, ka iti ake ngā raruraru o te whakapoke i te taiao, ā, ka kore e hiahiatia he taputapu motuhake hei tirotiro, hei whakahaere, hei whakakore rānei i tēnei hau mōrearea. Ko te hoahoa o ēnei whakaeke he nui ake te iti rawa nā te pūnaha whakaeke hauā. E tata ana ki te haurua te wāhi e tangohia ana e ngā tāutanga i whakaritea ki ngā putanga hau-aukati tuku iho. Ka whakaorangia tēnei i te nui o ngā rauemi i te wā e hanga ana i ngā wharanga, ā, ka whakaitihia te huānga waro whānui mai i ngā mahi hanga. Mō ngā taone nui e whai mana ana ia mita tapawha, otirā i ngā wāhi taone nui, he tino rerekē te whakaoranga o te mokowā. Kaore e pai te mahi o ngā pūnaha whakaweto tuku iho i ngā wāhi kōaro, engari he tika te whakauru o ngā whakaweto o ngā hanganga hou me te kore e whakaiti i te haumaru, i te mahi rānei.

Ko te rākau whakamātautau kīato o te pūnaha whakamātautau kīato e whakakaha ana i te whai hua, i te whakakore i ngā huringa whakamāhi kaha rawa i ngā rākau. I rite ki ngā taputapu e herea ana ki te kōhao, e whai ana i te whakamātautau tāwhai i te rere, me ngā whakauru anō, ko te rūma kīato e mau tonu ana i te whai hua mo ngā tau maha, kāore he whakamāhi—e whakaiti ana i te whakamāhi i te hiko i te whanonga, i te whakamahi, i te wā o te whakamāhi, ā, e whakakaha ana i ngā whakaheke i te kāpuni karboni i ia tahanga.