Ko ngā papa kaweira he kawenata pūmau i hangaia mai i ngā tātai parahihi, i te paraihe rānei, ā, e hāngai ana, i te āhua rite ki te tōpene, i te āhua hohoro rānei. Ko ia anō ngā pokapū matua hei tuku i ngā waea nui o te hiko mā roto i ngā paparorohiko, ngā paparorotini, me ngā taputapu o ngā wāhi tohatoha. Mēnā ka whakarereketia ki ngā tautautukunga waea tawhito, ko ngā papa kaweira e whakakapi ana i ngā tekau ma rua waea takitahi ki tētahi anake ara kawenata matua. Ka āwhina tēnei tautautukunga i te whakaroa i te uara o ngā ara hiko, ā, i te wehe atu i ngā wāhi hononga e taea ai ngā raruraru. Ka tino nui hoki te wāhi e penapena ana, e iti ana pea te roa o te wāhi e hiahiatia ana mō te 35 ki te 40 ōrau. Mā te iti haere o te whakauru ake o ēnei taputapu, ka tino pai ake te mahi ki te whakahaere i ngā hapa, ā, ka māmā ake hoki te tirotiro ā-routine mō ngā kainoho. Nō reira i te nuinga o ngā pūnaha hiko hou e noho pakari ana ki te hanganga papa kaweira hei tikanga matua mō te whakahaere i te rere o te hiko.
Ko ngā matapae e mātua whiriwhiri ana i te mea he aha ka pā ki te mahi pai, te utu, me te āhua o ngā pūnaha e noho ana. E ai ki te tīmataka IEC 60228, ko te paraihe e rere ai te hiko kia 56% ake i te tarau, ā, e pare ana hoki ia ki te korero ake. Nō reira e mōhio ana maha o ngā inijini e paitia ana te paraihe i ngā wāhi iti kei reira he nui te take o te whakapono, pērā i roto i ngā pokapū raraunga e pakari ana. Engari ko te tarau e penapena ana i te 30% pea i ngā utu matapae, ā, he 60% ake te māma ake i te paraihe, nā reira i whakamahia ai i ngā tūhuratanga nui i reira he nui te painga o te tahumaero me te māma o te taumaha. Heoi anō, he take: me rua te nekeneke o te tarau hei kawe i te rahi anoo o te hiko i te paraihe, nā reira ka pau ake te wāhi i ngā papa hiko e kī ana kētia ana. Nō reira ko te whiringa e hāngai ana ki te mea he aha te nuinga o te take mō ia kaupapa. Ko te paraihe te kowhiringa pai ake mēnā kāore he take te wāhi, ā, he nui te take o te whakapono. Ko te tarau te kowhiringa pai ake mēnā he iti te moni, he take te taumaha, ā, kei te wātea te wāhi tinana.
| Herenga Whakatau | Taputapu hiko parahi | Papa Taura Mātātoko |
|---|---|---|
| Whiwhinga | 56% ake (IEC 60228) | Turanga iho |
| Taumaha | Nui ake te nekeneke | 60% māma ake |
| Takahanga E Hiahiatia Ana | Pakitahi | 60% nui ake mō te āhua kotahi |
| Te Whakamahinga Tino | Ngā pūnaha matua here ki te wāhi | Ngā kaupapa nui hekenga utu |
Ka taea e ngā tapa hohonu te eke ki te 99% atu anō te mariko pūmahara i te mea e mahi tahi ana ngā āhuatanga hoahoa. Tuatahi, kei a rātou he āhua tapawhā e whawhai ana ki te āhuatanga kiia nei ko te ‘skin effect’, arā, ko te hiko e rere pai ake ana i roto i te kaiwhakawhiti i ngā wira parirau. Kātahi ka tū ake te whiringa matēria - ko te nuinga o ngā tapa hohonu i hangaia mā te karapoti e āki ai te weheka tino pai i te 100% IACS, i te wā hiato ka whakamahia te paratātā i te 61% IACS. Ānei ngā matēria e āki ai te itinga i ngā haruru e pakaru mai ana ina rere ana te hiko. Ina āta whakarārangitia ngā kabeli o te rahi ōrite ki ngā tapa hohonu i hoahoa tika, ka taea te 40% te rerekētanga i te uara DC resistance. Anei te take e nui ana: nā te mea ko ngā haruru hiko e noho ana ki te tapa tūpoto o te rereketanga e rere ana, ā, ko ngā whakapai iti ka āki ki ngā whiwhinga nui ake i ngā penapena hiko i te wā roa. E iti ana hoki i ngā whakaroa hiko e hua mai ana i ngā wāhi hononga engari ka pupuri hoki i te tohatoha hiko tūtono, ā, tino ārai ai mō ngā taputapu e hiahiatia ana.
Te Tiriti IEEE 80-2013 e whakaae ana ko ngā tapa waea e hohe ana i te iti ake o ngā ngaro whakawhitinga hiko 30–50% tuitui ana ki ngā pūnaha kiriata paraleli e kawe ana i ngā utu e ōrite ana. Ko tēnei aronga e hua mai ana i:
I tētahi inenga tuhinga, i ngena ngā tapa waea 400A aluminium 0.68W/ft i ngā ngaro tuitui ana ki te 1.1W/ft mō ngā kiriata e ōrite ana—ko te heketanga 38%. I runga i te ora o te 10 tau, ka kitea e tētahi whakaurunga arotahi 100-ft te penihana kaua e $5,200 i te hiko kua pau (ki te $0.12/kWh), e whakapumautia ana ngā tapa waea hei raihana mātai mō te tukatuka hiko mō ngā tukanga matua.
Ko ngā tapaū pūhara e whaihua ana i te wera tino pai ake i ngā tahumaero kabel rānei, nā te hārite o te hanganga. Ko tōna hoahoa ka tuku i te rohe iti ake ki te rahi, arā ka nui ake te whakapā ki te hau kei waenganui. Ka taea ai te hura wera tino pai mā te hura tūmatanui anake, kāore he hiahia ki ngā parirau, ki ētahi atu rere hau hāpai. Ina mahi tonu ana i raro i te uta, ka maroke ake ngā tapaū pūhara, ka aki ai te pupuni me te tino pai o te mahi i te wā roa. He maha ngā inijiniere hiko e kī ana tēnei e noho wehe nei ana i ngā pūnaha e nui ake ai te whakahaere wera.
Ko ngā tau ā-rite mō te ampacity e whai pānga ana ki ngā tikanga tūhono arataki, heoi anō i te 40 huringa Celsius me te kīmokimo pai i te takiwā katoa. Engari ina tāpiri tātou i ēnei wae takotoranga ki ngā take pūmahara, ka pēra noa te uaua o ngā mea. He nui ake te tohu a te ahumahi kia whakaitia te kapahaka umanga 15% ia 10 huringa atu i ngā huringa arataki. Ina tāpirihia ngā taputapu ki roto i ngā pouaka engari kāore i ngā wāhi wātea, ka piki te whakaitinga ki waenganui i te 20 ki te 30%, nā te mea kāore pea te hau e rere tika ana. Mēnā kāore te pouaka i te metara, i te tūpapa rānei i tētahi puna hukapuka, me whakanui ake anō te tautohe. Kāore e tino pono ana anake te titiro ki ngā whakaritenga matū. Me whai mātai mātai mahana tika ki ngā taiao whakahaere pūmahara kia kaua ai te whakamātau e pakaru haeretia te wā roa, me te pupuri i te whakahaere haumaru i te wā o ngā wā piko katoa e mataku ana te tangata.
I te taipitopito o te matērau me te āhua, ka wātea ngā hua matua o te pūnaha e te takotoranga mātau. Ka whakapakari ake ngā rāwekenga tarau matua me ngā papa taura wehenga i te mātaiaro me te maruamonui trūnga te mātaiaro takotoranga me te wehenga:
Ko ēnei rāwekenga e pā ana ki ngā rāwekenga irirangi, e pā ana hoki ki te maruamonui, engari hoki ki te maruamonui e mārama ana:
| Momo Rāwekenga | Arataki Matua i te Tūmoki | Pānga Whakahaere |
|---|---|---|
| Ringa Matua | Whakamātau takitahi kume kume | <2% paku hiko i te wa o ngā hapa (IEEE Gold Book) |
| Kua wehewehia | Ngā takiwā takitahi takitahi | whakautu hapa 40% tere ake |
Ko te hoahoa takitahi ka heke hoki i ngā utu tiaki tiaki 30% ā, āwhina i te tūmoki whakauru tonu e pānuitia ana i runga ake i te 98.5%—ka whakaatu nei ko te ara e tukutukurangitia ai ngā taputapu tukutuku he rite te nui o te take ki te mea kei te waihangatia.
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